St Mungo (who was named originally Kentigern) is said to have preached the sermon containing the words "Lord, let Glasgow Flourish by the preaching of the word." The thrusting Victorian city truncated its motto into the more secular "Let Glasgow Flourish" which is still in use today. In 1866, the Lord Lyon King at Arms gave approval for one which incorporated a number of symbols and emblems which had been used on official seals up until then - all of which were associated with St Mungo. Somewhat surprisingly, the City of Glasgow did not have a coat of arms until the middle of the 19th century. There was a salmon fishing hamlet at Glasgow (which probably gets its name from the Celtic glas and cu meaning "dear green place" ) when St Mungo established a monastery on the banks of the Molendinar Burn, a tributary of the Clyde, in the 6th century. In those days the Clyde was not a deep navigable river up to Glasgow, but was the last place where a bridge could be built to allow a crossing without a boat. Drought, too, is fueling this change in the Earth’s mosaic of forests: Satellite imagery shows that conifer forests are shifting northwards and white spruce, another boreal species, have begun sprouting in the Arctic, far earlier than predicted.Glasgow, like many cities, owes its existence to the river which flows through it and the fact that in historical times it was a convenient crossing point of that river.
These fires, research suggests, are contributing to a shift of some tree species in the Western states towards cooler and wetter areas. In the United States, climate change is “projected to increase the extent, intensity, and frequency of wildfires,” across certain parts of the country, according to the Environmental Protection Agency. Perhaps the most visibly-dramatic effect on forests right now is raging wildfires. Tolkien’s mythical Ents, trees are also on the move. Meanwhile, bee orchids, whose flowers resemble a bee's backside, were spotted for the first time in Scotland. Wild orchids, such as the Southern Marsh-orchid, once restricted to southern England, can now be found further north. In 2020, citizen scientists spotted bushels of plants popping up in new areas, migrations that have been linked to drought-like conditions in the country.
In the United Kingdom, climate change is driving wildflowers to relocate. Some species are moving uphill, or poleward, while those that don’t mind the warmth, are moving downslope. The result is a shift in global plant life. Increasing Co2 can drive greater growth, but as water availability fluctuates, temperatures change, and extreme weather hits, plants can also be left vulnerable. The relationship between plants climate change is a complex one. And these migratory shifts don't happen in isolation, but instead send ripples across entire ecosystems: The unprecedented arrival of young Great White sharks along the central California coast, for example, is placing endangered species (like the California otter) at even greater risk. Researchers in French Guiana, supported by Greenpeace, tracked ten turtles and found that the animals covered as much as twice their usual distance when migrating north. Other marine species are also on the move, including iconic sharks such as the Great White. Meanwhile, in the Pacific Ocean, leatherback sea turtles are migrating further to find cool areas to feed after nesting. The effects of climate change, combined with other changes such as habitat loss, also mean that some bird species, such as the redstart, are having more offspring than usual, while others, like the garden warbler, are having fewer. Birds, too, are nesting earlier than usual. In the Arctic, the researchers found that calves are being born earlier in Spring than usual, “roughly tracking rates of warming,” according to a press release. Climate change prompted the strongest response among species, researchers found, including increases in boldness and exploration. A meta-analysis of around 100 species - including fish, insects, amphibians, birds and mammals - published in the journal Oikos noted that human-induced environmental change is already doing just that. A changing climate also elicits changes in the behavior of wildlife.
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